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Real estate is the land and the changes that are done to that land. It also involves the rights to use and consume them.
In essence anything affixed to land with the intent of being permanent is considered to be part of the land and therefore real estate. Thus, houses, office buildings, factories, schools, barns, fences, roads, pipelines and landscaping are real estate. As a group, these are referred to as improvements because they improve or develop land.
The prima facie view of this understanding shall involve only the surface of this Land. But in essence it is more that that. This said piece of land starts at the centre of the earth, passes through the earth’s surface, and continues on into the space.
This perception of any land parcel is necessary to fully comprehend the different forms of rights that can be utilized for particular parcel of land. In essence it is possible for one person to own the rights to use its surface (surface rights), another to own the rights to drill or dig below its surface (subsurface rights) and still another to own the rights to use the air surface above it (air nights). To draw an analogy, as per our constitution, all natural minerals that can be found in the anywhere within the limits of the national boundary may it be on land, below land or in the sea, shall be owned by the Indian Nation.
Hence the land though may belong to you, but if that parcel of land holds any mineral reserves like oil, gas, iron ore, gold etc, the right of those assets shall belong to the nation. The government has to rights to forcefully acquire the land from you, though it will pay a pre set price as set by the revenue department.
Essentially land is the base of all immovable properties. The physical characteristics of land are immobility, indestructibility and non-homogeneity. These combinations of characteristics make land different from other commodities. Courts of law recognize all these characteristics of land and consequently treat land and property thereon as non-fungible commodity that is non-substitutable.
Now there is a very fine line between the physical and economic characteristics of land as the constructed or the physical being of the land greatly influences our perception of that particular real estate.
To put the idea in perspective Gurgaon 2 decades ago without any development was barren land with no value attached to it. DLF bought huge tracts of lands and conducive government policies has transformed the entire place into the model modern day city. (Though it may not have sufficient power and water) Today the barren land 2 decades ago is the most sought out real estate in the country with the real estate having grown more than 500% in this time frame.
In real estate industry land plays a vital role in other sense, it is the main raw material. Based on this there has always been scarcity of land in a given geographical area where there is a great demand for built space. It is a man made condition thus, although there is a limited physical amount of land on the earth’s surface, scarcity is chiefly a function of demand for land in a given geographical context